what do i open that with? i can't open it after downloading.
it seems by adobe acrobat version isn't new enough. which one do i need?
more on sails:
if there's a third jib above the excisting two, it's called a flying jib, wether or not there's a fore topmast staysail. using the staysail's name, you can probably figure out the names of any other staysails a ship might have. on later ships, you would see more than three sails. as a rule, the mast piece above the mast piece attached to the deck is called the topmast. so, if there are two sails attached to the topmast, these are called lower and upper topsail. same goes for topgallants. if there's a sail above these, it's called a royal. if there's a sail above THOSE, which is rare, they're called skysails. and then there was of course the odd gargantous vessel that carried moonsails above skysails, but there where only three or so ships ever built which had them. then there are of course the studding sails: sails set on extended pieces of the yards to give excisting sails extra sail area. they're named according to which yards they're attached to.
if a ship has four masts, the fourth is called the jigger. it's the mast placed most towards the stern. the exception to the rule is the galleon, where the fourth is called the bonaventura. the position is the same. on a regular galleon, the the mizzen and bonaventura had a lateen each or several lateens above each other. the rear lateen would have been called the bonaventura lateen, the other the mizzen lateen. any lateens above those would have been called mizzen topmast lateen, etc.
i must say that the english sail-naming system is far easier than the dutch. i'm not going to terrorise you guys with that one, don't worry. ain fact, i don't even know half of the dutch sails.
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