68-91: Yes, those are weapon qualities. I'm not sure what "qual" (line 83) does, but it's probably short for "quality".
96: This line is for when your ship is on fire and you have just pressed "C" to put the fire out. Sails and powder cartridges are very likely to catch fire so you have thrown them overboard.
97: This line is also for when your ship is on fire, you have just pressed "C", but you do not have the "Damage Control" ability. The correct command would be "Fire drill" but your crew do not understand it and repeat it incorrectly. "Fire drill" becomes "firedrawl". Translate it as the Russian for "fire drill" with incorrect spelling, or as something which sounds a bit like the Russian for "fire drill".
156-157: You have attacked someone who was not carrying a weapon. You lose some reputation and those lines will appear on screen.
158-159: The same as 156-157, but you shot the unarmed person instead of hitting him with a sword.
349,378: More like delete. In Russian, what happens to an old ship when it is not wanted any more and is to be broken up?
350-373: These lines are put together when you are in the shipyard and are either berthing ships, relaunching berthed ships, or exchanging active ships and berthed ships. Parentheses are not code, so what is inside them should be translated. The program code which handles berthing will put these lines together depending on what you are doing with the ships. Sometimes the parentheses open on one line and close on another, e.g. lines 353 and 354.
The word "month" should indeed be translated. The end result, when the berthing code has put things together and filled in numbers and ship names, should look something like this:
You have selected to put the 'Black Pearl' (currently active) on shore leave, and relaunch the 'Interceptor' (currently on shore leave). This action is completely reversible; nothing will be lost or stripped from either ship. Note however that berthing charges for the 'Black Pearl' will be high (10000 / month) and you will continue to have to pay the crew, captain and any officers that captain has, albeit at a reduced rate (2000 / month). Click OK to go ahead with this.
760: A sewer is an underground tunnel for sewerage - waste. You'll find one in the game as a tunnel connecting Philipsburg and Marigot, on Saint Martin.
765, 826: Casa de Contratacion is Spain's equivalent to the East India Company in the game. It was a big company which handled all trade between Spain and the Caribbean. Don't translate it, just use Russian letters to make the right sounds. (You can look it up on Wikipedia. The Russian version calls it "Каса-де-Контратасьон".)
868, 881: Look for "Amerigo" and "Vieira" in "RESOURCE\INI\TEXTS\RUSSIAN\characters_names.txt".
1567: Correct, it should now be "Professional Damage Control". Some perks were renamed and the Russian translation may not have been corrected at the time.
914: It's a house belonging to a character. The character is male.
1235: This is a report of a ship being sighted. A direction will be added to it by the program code which uses it, so that you will see something like "Strange sail to the ESE".
1277: The program code should add an island name and some co-ordinates, so that it should look something like "Our position from Cuba: 100, 200".
1949: Not sure. I believe you've just found a hatch which leads to a study but it is locked. This is from the "GoldBug" storyline.
@Jack Rackham - any comment on the line "No, it's locked to the Study!"?
2103: If a navy, privateer or pirate ship captured an enemy ship, the officers and crew would be paid a share of its value. Or if pirates captured treasure, the officers and crew would get shares from it. The value of a single share would be calculated. Ordinary crewmembers would each get a single share. Officers would get more - in this case, if three officers have 5 shares then they're getting 5/3 of a share each.
2118: He needs to remove a pole. Or possibly to move one.
@Jack Rackham: this is "I need a long tool to remove the pole" from "Woodes Rogers".
2145: You need a pass (a document) to get into the prison on Guadeloupe. One way to get it is from Yedam Kinne, a forger whom you might meet during the sidequest "Help the Church". You pay him, then you have to wait three days, then you get that message to tell you to go to Yedam Kinne and collect the pass.
Item names and descriptions are in "RESOURCE\INI\TEXTS\RUSSIAN\ItemsDescribe.txt". It is probably incomplete because new items have been added. The newest English version is attached.